Gustilo-Anderson Classification for Compound Fractures

Open fractures are injuries to the bone that occur when a broken bone is exposed outside the body. Open fractures, sometimes called compound fractures, can occur when there is a small cut to the skin that communicates to a fracture, or they can occur with severe soft-tissue injuries that threaten the survival of the limb.

In an effort to make sense of these injuries, they are generally graded according to their severity. The most common system used to classify open fractures is the Gustilo-Anderson system.

Grades of Open Fractures

• Grade I Open Fracture
• A grade I open fracture occurs when there is a skin wound that communicates with the fracture measuring less than one centimeter. Sometimes it is difficult to assess if a fracture is open (meaning the wound connects to the broken bone), but this can be determined by injecting fluid into the fracture site and seeing if the fluid exits from the wound.
• Grade II Open Fracture
• Grade II fractures have larger soft-tissue injuries, measuring more than one centimeter.
• Grade III Open Fracture
• Grade III open fractures represent the most severe injuries and include three specific subtypes of injuries.
• Grade IIIA fractures include high-energy fractures, as evidenced by severe bone injury (segmental or highly comminuted fractures) and/or large, often contaminated soft-tissue wounds. Most surgeons classify high-energy fractures as IIIA even if the skin wound is not large.
• Grade IIIB fractures have significant soft-tissue damage or loss, such that bone is exposed, and reconstruction may require a soft-tissue transfer (flap) to be performed in order to cover the wound.
• Grade IIIC fractures specifically require vascular intervention, since the fracture is associated with vascular injury to the extremity.

How Grading Is Useful

The Gustilo-Anderson classification system is most useful to determine the likelihood of developing an infection, and it can be used to guide treatments for appropriate fracture healing to occur. As the grade goes up, the infection rate rises dramatically and the time to restoring function lengthens. Grade IIIB and IIIC fractures have up to a 29% infection rate and take an average of 8-9 months for bone healing.

The Gustilo-Anderson classification was first published in 1976 and has undergone several modifications. The essence of the classification system is to provide categories of injuries based on their severity. From this information, the risk of infection can be predicted and the appropriate treatments can be determined.

Limitations of the System

There are several limitations of the Gustilo-Anderson classification system, described below.

• Doctors often don't agree: Studies have shown that orthopedic surgeons, who know this classification system well, only agree on the fracture grade about 60% of the time. Therefore, what one surgeon considers a grade I fracture may be called a grade IIIA by another. This makes comparing data a challenge.
• Not designed for all open fractures: While most doctors refer to this classification system to describe any open fracture, it was first designed to describe open tibia fractures, and subsequently open, long-bone fractures. That is not to say it can't be used to describe other injuries, but that is not how this classification system was studied.

For patients who sustain an open fracture, the key to a successful outcome is urgent treatment. The treatment of an open fracture requires urgent exploration and cleaning of the wound, appropriate antibiotic treatment, and stabilization of the fracture.